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The Editor's Pick

The Six Numbers that Shape the Universe

by Abdul Rotimi Mohammed
written by Abdul Rotimi Mohammed 10mins read

If you are in the habit of watching science documentaries that explore the galaxies of our unfathomable universe, it is hard not have your breath taken away by the by incredible beauty of the clusters of stars, planets, asteroids that they consist of. It is typical to think given its immensity that the universe must have emerged from a very complex process.

However, the emergence of chaos theory in the late 20th century showed us among other things, that simple mathematical laws can give birth to highly intricate structures or behavior, and in line with that, astrophysicists have discovered that there are just six numbers, imprinted in the “big bang”, that determine the essential features of the universe. I have written about the big bang theory in a previous article, and it can be found here.

What is even more impressive is that these six numbers take on such highly specific values such that if any one of them deviated from its value even ever so slightly, the stars, the planets and ultimately life on earth would not have emerged. Without further ado I present these six numbers below:

The first number, represented by the letter N, has a value of 1036. This number measures the strength of the electrical forces that hold atoms together, divided by the force of gravity between them. If N had a few less zeroes, only a short-lived miniature universe could exist and no creatures could grow larger than insects. (Recall that according to the big bang theory, the universe is roughly 15 billion years, so “short-lived” in this case could amount to a few million years)

The second number, represented by the Greek letter, Epsilon has a value of 0.007 (I like to call it the James Bond number). This number defines how firmly atomic nuclei bind together and how all the atoms on earth were made. Its value controls the power from the sun and more sensitively, how stars transmute hydrogen into all the elements of the periodic table. Carbon and oxygen are common, while gold and uranium are rare, because of what happens in the stars. If Epsilon were 0.006 or 0.008, life on earth would not exist.

To understand the third number, which is represented by the Greek letter, Omega, some explanation might be needed. As far as the dynamics of the universe is concerned, the universe is under the influence of two major forces; the force of gravity which causes the universe to contract and is ultimately pushing it to collapse, and in opposition to gravity, an expansionary force causing it as its description suggests, to expand. Omega is an indirect measure of the ratio of these two conflicting forces.

Research by astrophysicists has suggested that in the very early universe, Omega must have had a value close to one. If it had been more than one, the force of gravity would have dominated the expansionary force and the universe would have collapsed a long time ago. If it had been less than one, the expansionary force would have dominated.

This would mean that the bits of matter in the universe would have flown too far part from each other for them to form stars, planets, galaxies and eventually life. Recent research suggests that Omega is currently at least 0.3, meaning that the expansionary force currently dominates but this could not have been so at the universe’s beginnings for reasons explained above.

The fourth number represented by the Greek letter, Lambda is closely related to the third number Omega. We recall that Omega was an indirect measure of the ratio of the force of gravity to the expansionary force. Lambda represents a force that acts as a catalyst to the expansionary force causing it to accelerate. The value of lambda would have needed to be very small (very small being not much different from zero) in the early universe because if it had a high value, this would have caused Omega to have been too low to allow stars, planets, galaxies and life form.

The fifth number, represented by the letter Q, is a ratio of two fundamental energies. It is the ratio of the energy needed to break up the most conspicuous structures in the universe (stars, galaxies and galaxy clusters) to their total rest-mass energy. Rest mass energy is the energy an object possesses due to its mass when it is at rest (that is not moving). It is calculated using Einstein’s famous Mass-Energy Equivalence Equation E = mc2 , where E is the rest mass energy of the object, m is the mass of the object and c is a constant representing the speed of light and is equal to 3 x 108m/s.

The value of Q for the biggest structures, galaxy clusters and superclusters is about 1 divided by 100,000. If Q were smaller, the universe would be inert and structureless. If it were larger, the universe would have been a very violent place where no stars or solar systems could survive.

The sixth number is one we should all be familiar with. It is the number of spatial dimensions of our world, and it is represented by the letter, D. Its value, is of course 3. If it were 2 or 4, life couldn’t exist.

To me, it is really amazing that just six numbers define the essential features of our universe. Even more amazing is the fact that they had to take on precise values or we and the universe wouldn’t exist. What are to make of this level of precision? That it is proof of the existence of God? I personally would like to think so. But some astrophysicists make the argument that our galaxy, the Milky Way is just one of billions of galaxies in our universe and the idea of multiple, parallel universes; the multiverse has a decent level of mindshare among astrophysicists.

The alternative argument seems to be that with so many candidate galaxies, ours happened to be one where by chance, the conditions necessary for the emergence of life just happened to exist.

It seems we the faithful will have to continue to rely on faith.

Bibliography

  1. Rees, Martin. 2000 Just Six Numbers: The Deep Forces That Shape the Universe New York: Basic Books
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Corruption

The EFCC’s Ban on Spraying Naira: Is It Fair or Missing the Mark?

by Ejiose Ikuenobe
written by Ejiose Ikuenobe 10mins read

In Nigeria, throwing money at parties, weddings, or funerals is a big part of how people celebrate. It’s called “spraying” naira, and it’s been a tradition for a long time. But the government says this is wrong and even against the law. The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) has been arresting people for spraying naira, saying it damages the currency and disrespects Nigeria’s pride. But is this crackdown fair, or should the EFCC focus on bigger problems? Let’s explore why this law exists, causing trouble, and who it’s affecting.

What Does the Law Say?

The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) passed Section 21(3) of the CBN Act 2007. It says that “spraying of, dancing or marching on the Naira or any note issued by the Bank during social occasions” is a crime. If you do it, you could face a fine of at least N50,000, go to jail for up to six months, or both. Another part, Section 21(4), says it’s also illegal to sell or trade naira notes. The CBN works with the EFCC, Nigeria Police, and other agencies to catch people who break this law. They say spraying naira hurts the notes and makes them wear out faster, costing the country money to replace them. They also believe the naira is a symbol of Nigeria, like the flag, and should be respected.

Why Do Nigerians Spray Money?

Spraying naira is a tradition that goes way back. People throw money at events like weddings or birthdays to show love, support, or even to show off their wealth. For example, at a wedding, guests might spray money on the bride and groom while they dance. Famous musician King Sunny Ade once said this is part of African culture, like how older generations used cowries (old currency) to celebrate (BusinessDay, 2024). Some people also say spraying helps share money with others, like when poor people pick up the cash at big events. For instance, during businessman Obi Cubana’s mother’s burial in 2021, people scrambled to grab naira notes sprayed in bundles, and one person even posted on Instagram about picking up N11,000 (BusinessDay, 2024).

The EFCC’s Crackdown: Who’s Getting Caught?

The EFCC has been serious about stopping naira spraying. They’ve arrested some famous people to make a point. For example, in 2024, socialite Cubana Chief Priest was arrested for spraying bundles of naira at a party. He later settled his case out of court, but it caused a lot of talk. Another celebrity, Bobrisky, was sentenced to six months in jail for the same thing, even though he was a first-time offender, and offered to campaign against naira abuse (ThisDay, 2024). Actress Oluwadarasimi Omoseyin also got in trouble but was given the option of paying a N300,000 fine instead of jail time. Meanwhile, someone like E-Money, a wealthy businessman, has been seen spraying money at events, but the EFCC hasn’t gone after him the same way. This makes people wonder why some get punished while others don’t.

Is the Law Fair?

Many Nigerians think the EFCC is focusing on the wrong people. Spraying naira is a common tradition, and even big names like former President Olusegun Obasanjo have done it without getting in trouble. On social media, people say the EFCC picks on celebrities like Bobrisky or Cubana Chief Priest but ignores powerful politicians or billionaires who do the same thing (ThisDay, 2024). Some even argue that spraying doesn’t hurt the economy as much as bigger crimes, like stealing public money or money laundering. For example, Waziri Adio, a writer, says the EFCC should focus on serious crimes instead of chasing people who spray money, which he calls a “low-level crime” (ThisDay, 2024). He also thinks the punishment, like jail time, is too harsh for something that’s part of the culture.

Why the Law Needs a Second Look

The law against spraying naira has some problems. First, it’s too broad. It says even “spreading” or “adorning” someone with naira is a crime, which could include handing money to a musician at a party. This could hurt people like Fuji singers who depend on sprayed money to make a living (ThisDay, 2024). Second, the EFCC might not even have the right to enforce this law. Some lawyers say naira abuse should be handled by the police or CBN, not the EFCC, which is meant to fight bigger crimes like corruption (ThisDay, 2024). Finally, the law doesn’t seem fair when it punishes some people, like Bobrisky, but lets others, like powerful politicians, go free.

What Should Happen Instead?

Instead of throwing people in jail, the government could try other ways to stop naira spraying. They could teach people about respecting the naira through ads or school programs like the CBN used to do. They could also make the law clearer so it only punishes serious abuses, like tearing or stepping on money, not just spraying it. And if the EFCC is going to enforce the law, they should go after everyone, not just famous people who are easy to catch. For example, a sitting governor was seen throwing money into a crowd, but nothing happened to him because he had immunity (ThisDay, 2024). That’s not fair.

Conclusion

Spraying naira is a big part of Nigerian celebrations, but the EFCC says it’s a crime that disrespects the currency. While the CBN’s law is meant to protect the naira, it’s causing problems by targeting people like Cubana Chief Priest and Bobrisky while letting others, like E-Money or politicians, off the hook. The law needs to be looked at again to make it fairer and focus on bigger problems, like corruption, that hurt Nigeria more. Until then, Nigerians will keep asking: is spraying money a crime, or is it just part of who we are?

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Economy

Africa’s Debt Threat

by Abdul Rotimi Mohammed
written by Abdul Rotimi Mohammed 10mins read

It is typical for us in Africa as we go about our daily lives, to gripe about our “crappy” politicians. It would seem to us that they just can’t get anything right. The most politically aware would then launch into a laundry list of their everyday ineptitudes, inanities and outright crimes. While there is of course some truth to these accusations, it is also true that there also circumstances that rarely get a mention in everyday discussion in Africa, which make it seem that they can’t get anything right, for which the issue of whether they are at fault is not so clear-cut. One of those circumstances is that of government debt, particularly external debt.

The international NGO Christian Aid, reported that 32 countries in Africa spent more on external debt payments than healthcare in 2023, while 25 spent more on external debt payments than education. In 2023, African governments spent more than twice as much on external debt payments as healthcare, on average, and slightly more on external debt payments than education. In all, 34 African countries spend more on external debt payments than healthcare and/or education. The Christian Aid report further stated that the external debt service total for all African countries in 2023 was $85 billion. The corresponding figure for 2024 was $104 billion. Moreover, debt servicing is pushing aside key spending to confront the climate and environmental crises. On average, African governments are spending seven times more on external debt payments than on measures to adapt to climate change. You might recall that climate change is a problem Africa has contributed the least to but will bear most of the brunt of its negative fallout.

Some time back, a report presented by the United Nations (UN) on the global debt crisis, showed that countries in Africa borrow at rates that are, on average, four times higher than rates for the US and eight times higher than for Germany. This of course, is because African countries are perceived to significantly more likely to default on debt payments. While this is perfectly understandable, the effect of this on the social development plans of African governments is nothing less than catastrophic. Perhaps it will be enlightening to look at the catastrophic effects of Africa’s external debt servicing regime in some specific countries. We will be looking at Kenya, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Zambia and Malawi.

As Kenya’s debt payments have increased in recent years, public spending has fallen steeply. Between 2017 and 2022, real public spending per person fell by a huge 15%. By 2025 it is still projected to be 7% less than in 2017, and a similar level to 2015 – a decade without any real increase in public spending. The reduction in spending in social sectors is manifested in lack of essential services in health and education. According to Development Finance International, just over 40% of children complete secondary school and around 55% have access to healthcare. There is little chance of these proportions increasing, if external debt payments continue to prevent public spending from increasing.

Across Ethiopia, civil society groups record poor access to equitable and quality healthcare. In education, the coverage and education package are not fulfilling the minimum standards, leading to a generally poor quality of education. Development Finance International reports that only 15% of Ethiopian children complete secondary school, and just under 40% have access to healthcare.

Nigeria’s real public spending per person has been falling every year since 2020, and was projected by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to be a gigantic 40% less in 2024 than it was in 2019. These cuts are happening in a country where just over 55% of children complete secondary school and just under 45% have access to healthcare. With the debt crisis, most of the country’s revenues are now being channeled to debt servicing obligations at the expense of basic social services. The financial data/news service Bloomberg some time back, made the projection that Nigeria will spend six times more on servicing its debt in 2024 than on building new schools or hospitals. The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) estimated that the number of primary school aged children not attending school has increased from 7.5 million in 2010 to 10 million today, and the number of secondary school-aged children not at school has increased from 5 million in 2010 to 13 million in 2024.

The Zambian government’s external debt payments shot up, reaching 24% of revenue by 2019. Zambia was only able to keep making these payments by cutting public spending, including on social services. Real public spending on healthcare fell by 13% between 2014 and 2020, while spending per person on education fell by a staggering 40% in the same time.

When the Covid pandemic began, it became impossible for Zambia to keep making these high debt payments. China and other governments agreed to suspend debt payments, but private bondholders refused. In late 2020, Zambia defaulted on its debt payments to external private lenders and governments.

Since defaulting, Zambia has been able to use savings on debt payments to increase spending on social services again. Real education spending per person has increased by 36% since 2021, although it is still lower than in 2014. Real health spending per person is now 48% higher than in 2021, and 28% higher than in 2014. If Zambia were making all its external debt payments, they would equal as much as the government’s spending on education, healthcare and social protection combined.

The debt crisis is taking its toll on Malawi’s public spending. Between 2022 and 2026, Malawi’s real public spending per person is expected to fall by 32%; and in 2026 it will be over 10% lower than it was in 2015. These cuts are happening in a country in which only 15% of children complete secondary school, and just under half have access to healthcare.

It would be quite appropriate at this stage to wonder, “How did we get here?” Well the story of Africa’s debt debacle comes in two chapters with about 8 years separating them. The first chapter starts in Africa’s post-independence era (basically the 1950s/60s/70s). Africa’s post-independence era fell into a slightly longer and more global era known as the “Cold War” era that ran from the end of WW2 in 1945 to the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989. During the Cold War, the US and the now defunct Union of Socialist Soviet Republics (USSR) vied for global dominance. Each was doing its best to get its economic ideology (Capitalism in the case of the US and Communism in the case of the USSR) adopted by the rest of the world. To a lesser extent, Communist China took part in this ideological battle mainly with the USSR to see who would be the leading light of the communist world. Communism reach its highest point during the Cold War era, since its ideas were originally expounded upon by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 19th century, with at least one third of the globe declaring themselves to be communist countries.

With the US and USSR vying for global influence during the period, generous loans to Third World countries became a major weapon in each superpower’s arsenal. Post-colonial African governments, having inherited weakened economies and struggling mightily to navigate a structurally unequal global economy, gobbled up this windfall of generous loans as many of them were cash-strapped and in desperate need of funds to carry out development programs.  They would constantly play the two superpowers off each other (and China off the USSR for African nations that had declared for Communism) in a bid to extract ever more generous loans. They often carried on like these games could be played forever. It must also be said that the lenders failed to carry out proper due diligence procedures and the result was that debt levels in Africa soared beyond the point at which they could be realistically serviced.

The music would stop playing in 1989. That year the USSR basically imploded and rather suddenly ushered in the end of the Cold War. That led to Capitalism being virtually uncontested by any other ideology and with that, the buying of influence with loans came to be seen as unnecessary. Virtually overnight, loans were called in. This left African governments scrambling for money they didn’t have to repay their loans. It wasn’t just loans that were cut back. Development aid was significantly cut back too. Between the last days of the Cold War and the dawn of the new millennium, development aid in general fell by 40%.

As the new millennium approached, a movement in Europe started gathering steam to have Third World debts forgiven. The movement, known as Jubilee 2000, would spread to the US largely through the heroic efforts of the Irish rock band U2’s front man, Bono. The result of this movement’s efforts was that in 1999-2000, the debts of the world’s poorest countries were forgiven to a significant degree.

The second chapter of the debt debacle has its roots in the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) of 2008. Following the crisis, interest rates fell across the western world. This made lending to the developing world attractive, as high interest rates could be charged.  The GFC ushered in a period of lower growth globally. This was made worse in the developing world by subsequent shocks, including Covid-19, the climate crisis and the Ukraine conflict, and soaring food prices.

The upshot of all this is that African government external debt payments was projected to be at least 18.5% of budget revenues in 2024, the highest since 1998. This was almost four times as much as in 2010, and the highest of any region in the world.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) says governments struggle to pay external debts once they are higher than 14%–23% of government revenue. In 2024, 28 African countries were projected to have external debt payments over 14% of government revenue, with 23 of these paying over 20% of government revenue. In contrast, in 2010 no African governments were spending over 20% of revenue on external debt payments, and only one, Tunisia, was spending more than 14%.

Again, a coalition of western NGOs is calling for debt cancellation. Beyond that, they are also calling for a redesign of the global economic system so that is more just and does not consign the global majority to poverty, while accumulating wealth for a tiny, yet powerful, global minority.

As an African, one can only view the efforts of this western coalition with profound admiration and a sense of gratitude but it remains to be seen that they will eventually be successful in their efforts.

I personally think that there are more modest efforts also worth pursuing. Given the statement made by the IMF that governments struggle to pay external debts once they are higher than 14%–23% of government revenue, I think it would go a long way if yearly external debt servicing was pegged at no more than 5% of government revenue. In the rebuilding of Europe effort after the destruction of WW2, Germany’s debt repayments were capped at 3.5% of export revenue.

It should be noted that even such a modest reform won’t be achieved without a hard fight, and I don’t think we need to wait for caring westerners before we get cracking on this. We all, perhaps through the signing of petitions and the actions our civil society groups, need to let our respective governments know about our grievances with the structural imbalances of the international financial system and have them make concerted efforts, perhaps joining hands with other developing nations in the global south to have these imbalances addressed, starting with the capping of government revenue used for external debt servicing at 5%.

This is something we need to do if we are ever going to get the chance to break out of the vicious cycle of debt, which deepens our dependence on commodities, which keeps our economies fragile and most Africans mired in poverty.

BEFORE YOU GO:  Please check out my book on Amazon, Why Africa is not rich like America and Europe. Thank you

Bibliography

  1. Hertz, Noreena. 2004 The Debt Threat: How debt is destroying the developing world…and threatening us all New York: HarperCollins
  2. Sachs, Jeffrey. 2005 The End of Poverty: How We Can Make It Happen in our Lifetime London: Penguin Books
  3. Larble, Jennifer et al. 2024 ‘Between Life and Debt’ Christian Aid
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Branding

THE FUTURE OF BRAND MANAGEMENT

by Charles O'Tudor
written by Charles O'Tudor 10mins read

Let’s forget five or ten year plans—brand management now operates in five-second windows.

As platforms multiply and attention spans evaporate, brand managers are no longer planners, they’re real-time decision-makers. It’s not about crafting the perfect strategy in isolation anymore. It’s about sensing the moment, moving fast, and adapting even faster.

The future of brand management isn’t arriving on a calendar. It’s streaming live. We’re no longer preparing pitch decks for quarterly reviews. We’re running live dashboards where data speaks and audiences clap. Success isn’t just about visibility anymore. It’s about Resonance. Relevance. Rhythm.

Tomorrow’s brand manager is part analyst, part cultural translator, and part digital therapist, reading sentiment, managing AI-powered content engines, guiding human creativity, and navigating a landscape where attention is currency and context changes by the hour.

And yet, in all this velocity, one truth remains: people don’t fall in love with efficiency. They fall in love with empathy, with consistency, with brands that show they get it. Not just once—but again, and again, and again.

The future of brand management isn’t about control, it’s about coherence. If you can remain human in the blur, your brand won’t just keep up—it’ll stand out.

ToYourBrandSuccess

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Column

Reshaping Nigeria: Bold Steps for a Political Revolution

by Ejiose Ikuenobe
written by Ejiose Ikuenobe 10mins read

Nigeria is a country full of energy, talent, and dreams. But for many years, these dreams have been slowed down by bad leadership, corruption, and lack of opportunities. Now, something is changing. Young people are rising. They are tired of waiting. They want a new Nigeria, and they are taking bold steps to make it happen.

A New Movement Begins

In Port Harcourt, the Rescue Movement for a New Nigeria is working to create change. Their goal is to get young Nigerians involved in politics and leadership. According to Leadership.ng, the group wants to “rescue Nigeria from political decay” by encouraging youth to speak up and take action.

This movement is not just about protests. It is about building a better future by getting involved in the system. That means running for office, voting wisely, and holding leaders accountable. As the movement’s leaders say, “It’s time to take ownership of our country’s future.

Learning from the Past

Nigeria has faced many struggles. In 2011, Sahara Reporters wrote “Revolution: The Solution to the Nigerian Predicament.” It talked about how the country’s problems—like poor healthcare, bad roads, and unemployment—are connected to bad governance. The article said, “The people must rise to demand change, or remain in chains.”

Many of these problems are still with us today. But now, young people are no longer staying silent. They are organizing, educating themselves, and using social media to share their voices.

The Power of #EndSARS

One major example of youth action was the #EndSARS protest in 2020. It started as a fight against police brutality but became much more. It showed that young Nigerians are tired of bad leadership and are ready to demand real change. As BusinessDay writes in their article “The Unfinished Revolution,” the protest “brought national attention to the frustrations of the youth.

”But the fight is not over. The energy of #EndSARS must now be turned into longterm action. That means pushing for fair elections, better education, job creation, and justice for all.

What Can We Do?

If we want to reshape Nigeria, we all have to play a part. Here are some bold steps young people are already taking—and more we can all join in:

  • Register to vote and vote in elections.
  • Support honest candidates who have real plans for the future.
  • Join or start a movement that fights for the change you believe in.
  • Speak up online and offline. Share your thoughts and raise awareness.
  • Hold leaders accountable by asking questions and demanding results.

A New Nigeria Is Possible

Change is never easy, but it starts with bold steps. As the Rescue Movement said, it is time for young Nigerians to “stand tall and take back their country.” Our future depends on the actions we take today.

If the youth stay strong, united, and focused, Nigeria can rise again—a nation where every dream has a chance.

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Economy

How Much Poverty can we Endure and at What Risk?

by thealvingreport
written by thealvingreport 10mins read

By Bala Mohammed Liman. PhD

The recent World bank report that highlighted the growing level of poverty in Nigeria has raised outrage in the country. This is surprising given that the same organisation had in 2019 noted that Nigeria had overtaken India as the poverty capital of the world, stating that 6 Nigerians were pushed below the poverty line every minute. 

It went on to warn of the need for policies to be put in place to bring more Nigerians out of poverty. However, by the time the then government’s Multi-dimensional Poverty report was released in 2022, the situation was more dire with 63% or 133 million Nigerians said to be multi dimensionally poor. Is that not more of an outrage?

The World Bank in its April 2025 Poverty & Equity Brief noted that ‘multiple shocks in a context of high economic insecurity have deepened and broadened poverty. Since 2018/19, an additional 42 million people fell into poverty so that more than half of all Nigerians (54 percent) are estimated to live in poverty in 2024, based on World Bank projections’.

It however tries to understate the gravity of the issue by arguing that ‘recent macroeconomic reforms have begun to stabilize the economy, inflation remains high, dampening consumer demand and continuing to undermine the purchasing power of Nigerians. Labor incomes have not kept up with inflation, pushing many Nigerians —particularly in urban areas — into poverty’.

How the initial analysis of increased poverty can go side by side with the seemingly positive outlook being painted by the bank is not clear.

The report, rather than focusing on the pressing social and humanitarian challenges, which is a mild way of describing the current Nigerian situation which can be best described as an existential crisis for many Nigerians, it attempts to put a positive spin on government policies. It notes that the policies;

“have helped eliminate unsustainable distortions and correct course. A unified and market reflective exchange rate has made the naira competitive, orthodox monetary policy has improved FX liquidity and reduced volatility, and removing FX and Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) subsidies has started to re-open fiscal space for increased social and capital spending“.

But have these reforms had a positive impact on Nigerians? I will argue not, rather Nigerians are facing existential threats to their very lives. The focus on government should be on improving the lives of its citizens and where policies are not doing that, then there is a need for a review.

However, even with this alarming report and previous ones warning of the increasing level of poverty, there continues to be a disconnect between the country’s political leadership and the very people it is meant to serve, as it remains insensitive to the plight of the ordinary Nigerian.

Obviously, current government policies have done little to improve the standard of living of majority of Nigerians even as all this is happening against a background of increased naira revenues that are meant to help governments impact positively on their citizens through the funding of social programmes in education and health.

However, what we see is the political class increasing its spending on programmes that have little or no impact on ordinary Nigerians.

If governments on all levels had attempted to ensure inclusive economic growth where the emphasis is not the traditional idea of trickledown economics, but rather one where, as defined by the inclusive growth network, social benefits are more evenly spread, inequalities are tackled and opportunities in education, access to health and employment are accessible to all, then Nigerians will have felt the positive impact of government on their lives.

Current government policies seem to be driving us towards an unwanted target of being the country with the highest number of poor people ever recorded. This puts us on a very dangerous and slippery path that is extremely risky for social harmony and the survival of the state.

The political class need to be very concerned about this and must begin to shift its focus from the politics of 2027 to the introduction of more people focused policies that will positively impact on reducing the level of poverty.

Bala Mohammed Liman. PhD
balamliman@gmail.com

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The Editor's Pick

Political Philosophy Part 2: A Romp through History’s Greatest Political Thinkers

by Abdul Rotimi Mohammed
written by Abdul Rotimi Mohammed 10mins read

Part 1 of this essay can be found here.

Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)

Niccolo Machiavelli arguably needs no introduction. There was a time not too many years ago in Lagos that it was almost impossible to come across a street book vendor that did not have a copy of The Prince (Machiavelli’s signature work) or some derivative targeted at corporate life.

It came popular with the publication of The Prince to believe that Machiavelli was inspired by the devil when he wrote it. This is perhaps understandable, given the shockingly brutal frankness, with which he described despicable acts that statesmen ought to carry out in a bid to hold onto power. But a deeper reading of The Prince suggests that perhaps that this judgement has been applied too hastily.

To see why this judgement might have been hasty, one has to realize that Machiavelli dealt in only the harsh truth, and the harsh truth was that in the brutal world of politics, particularly the politics of his time, rulers are often forced to choose between two evils, rather than between two goods or between a good and an evil. In such tragic circumstances, choosing the lesser evil over the greater evil, however cruel, is the ethically right thing to do. That is why he is most associated with the phrased he supposedly coined, “the ends justify the means.”

Concerning the criticism that his views lacked Christian virtue, Machiavelli believed that the ethical outlook of Christianity was unrealistic. Machiavelli was one of the first writers in the West to state openly that ‘dirty hands’ are an unavoidable part of everyday politics and to accept the troubling ethical implications of this hard truth without flinching. He held that politicians who deny this are not only unrealistic but are likely to lead citizens down a path to greater evil and misery than is really necessary.

Whatever one might feel of The Prince, what is not in dispute is that even after 500 years, it is still considered the ultimate reference on power politics.

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

Thomas Hobbes is the first of the three most influential social contract theorist, the other two being John Locke and Jean-Jacque Rousseau.

Social contract theory states that societies and governments are formed through an agreement, or contract, between individuals who relinquish some freedoms in exchange for protection and order, establishing the rights and duties of both the governed and the rulers. It is worth noting that these agreements need not be explicit (they usually aren’t). Their presence is usually inferred from the fact that a particular society has consented to be ruled by its leaders.

Hobbes social contract theory is laid out in his signature work, Leviathan published in 1651. The defining points of his theory are that the natural rights to life are highly vulnerable without a government because disagreements about where one man’s rights end and another one’s own begins could very easily end in violent dispute and ultimately creating a general condition of violence that keeps everyone in fear.

This situation arises, he further points out because human beings are naturally unfit for living in society because we have a natural desire to dominate each other. Only an overpowering government he would argue, could impose order and keep the peace.

However, he pointed out that this overpowering government needed to have the consent of the governed, so it wasn’t an outright dictatorship. But once it had secured that consent, it was to be given absolute power. That government he called the Leviathan, which was a strange mix of liberalism and authoritarianism. 

It is important to understand the backdrop against which Hobbes wrote the Leviathan. His home country of England had been experiencing a raging civil war since 1642 and the country was still feeling the effects by the time he published in 1651. The civil war must have impressed on him a strong need to go back to political basics and make the case for an almost all-powerful sovereign whose one, overriding purpose is to maintain peace and protect the lives of his subjects.

With the outbreaks of terrorism in Nigeria, which seems to have become something of a staple in recent times, many Nigerian citizens would no doubt agree.

John Locke (1632-1704)

John Locke was by far the most successful of the three giants of social contract theory in terms of actual implementation of their ideas. America’s Founding fathers were in particular, profoundly affected by Locke’s ideas. The political system they devised in the late 18th century was to a considerable extent, inspired by Locke’s ideas.

Therefore, to the degree any nation’s political system is inspired by the American political system (that would include Nigeria), it is inspired by Locke’s ideas. America’s first Secretary of State and third president Thomas Jefferson who drafted America’s Declaration of Independence, would take Locke’s Second Treatise of Government as his model.

At the heart of Locke’s political philosophy are the concepts of limited government, natural rights, freedom and private property. Unlike Hobbes, Locke did not believe that government needed to be granted absolute power. He instead, favoured limited constitutional government.

Like Hobbes, he believed that without government, conflicts inevitably arise when selfish humans interact, so we need a system of state-enforced laws to protect our natural rights, but unlike Hobbes, he didn’t believe that life would descend into the chaos that Hobbes did without such a system. He thought that life would be merely bearably unpleasant, which is why he saw no reason to grant government absolute power, and again unlike Hobbes, he was concerned with the abuse of that power, hence hi emphasis on limited constitutional government.

Locke’s most influential idea is that the primary reason individuals create governments is to ensure the preservation of their property, in which he included life itself. Locke argued that our property, lives and freedom are very vulnerable, when it is up to each of us to protect our goods from those who don’t respect them. He thought that we would do well to surrender our rights to punish those who trespass against us to the state, who can act more effectively and impartially on our behalf, in return for our obedience to its laws.

It is hard to overestimate Locke’s impact on the modern world. Our everyday language of rights, trade and religious tolerance can be found in his 17th century writings. While the scope of the state has expanded massively since then, the liberal core that he championed remains in the form of human rights, religious freedom and constitutional government.

David Hume (1711-1776)

David Hume was at the centre of a set of influential Scottish philosophers who championed religious tolerance, science and trade. This circle included his good friend the great economist, Adam Smith.

Hume’s best known work, A Treatise on Human Nature, was not political per se, but it profoundly affected his outlook on politics. He believed that our natural benevolence only extended to a close group of family and friends, and that our capacity for self-above was potentially without bounds and often at odds with the rest of society. Therefore, impartial rules of justice are needed to restrain our partiality. He considered government to be one of the finest inventions of the human mind.

Hume had a realistic appreciation of the imperfection of societies and the limitations of human reason, which inclined him towards moderate, pragmatic reforms and gradual piecemeal change, over political idealism and violent revolution. He felt that as long as institutions and rulers keep the peace, and do not unduly oppress or exploit their subjects, they should be obeyed.

Hume had a profoundly skeptical outlook, which made him politically cautious. It also made him intellectually humble. We would all do well to imbibe his humility.

Jean-Jacque Rousseau (1712-1778)

Jean-Jacque Rousseau’s life is a remarkable Cinderella story. His mother died while giving birth to him. His father abandoned him at the age of 10. A citizen of Geneva (Geneva was then an independent city-state and not a part of Switzerland as it is today), he arrived in Paris at the age of 30 in 1742, penniless, unknown and unpublished.

By the time of his death 36 years later, he was a best-selling novelist, a highly successful opera composer, author of many well received books and essays on subjects ranging from education, to ethics, music, religion, language, politics, economics and even botany. He was buried in the Pantheon, a cemetery in Paris for France’s greatest heroes (not bad for a foreigner).

Rousseau’s influence and impact extends much further than his writings. If you have ever been told or have told someone to “be yourself”, you have Rousseau mostly to thank for this. The idea of “being yourself”, did not drop into the general human consciousness from heaven, even though surely, there must have been people throughout history who had the courage to be themselves (and must have been labelled crazy for it). It was largely Rousseau who turned “being yourself” into a societal ideal. Because of him, we have come by and large, to value sincerity and authenticity more than any other human traits.

Rousseau’s most widely read and enduring book is The Social Contract. It has been in continuous print for over 250 years. It was however, not popular during his own life time. Rousseau’s key argument in The Social Contract is that sovereignty should reside with the people. He used the expression “general will” to describe this people-led sovereignty.

It should be noted that this” general will” of the people isn’t merely the collection of each person’s selfish desires. It was the result of the genuine search for the common good or public interest. Rousseau’s believed such public-spiritedness didn’t come naturally to people, therefore he believed it was necessary for institutions to instill it in people.

Rousseau’s doctrine of popular sovereignty resonated deeply with ordinary people disillusioned with corrupt and self-serving elites across Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries. That disillusion seems to be something 21st century citizens the world over are increasingly feeling, as they grow increasingly angry with a system that favors the rich and powerful at the expense of the majority. That, might just make Rousseau the man for the times again. 

Author: Abdul Mohammed

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Impact

From Goals to Growth: How Nigerian Businesses Can Use the SDGs to Boost the Economy and Shine Globally

by Ejiose Ikuenobe
written by Ejiose Ikuenobe 10mins read

A set of 17 big goals that can help make the world a better place. These are called the Sustainable Development Goals, or SDGs for short. They were created by the United Nations in 2015 to solve problems like poverty, hunger, and climate change by 2030. Nigerian businesses can use these goals to grow stronger, help the country, and compete with companies all over the world.

Let’s break it down in a simple way to see how this works!

1. Using SDGs to Grow Nigeria’s Economy- The SDGs are like a guide for businesses to help Nigeria’s economy grow. For example, SDG 1 is about ending poverty, and SDG 8 is about creating good jobs. Nigerian businesses can focus on these goals to make life better for people and build a stronger economy:

  • Helping Small Businesses: Small businesses in Nigeria, like shops orstartups, create half of the country’s money, but many can’t get loans. Banks can help by giving them money to grow, which fits with SDG 8. Thismeans more jobs and more money for everyone!
  • Training Workers: A company called LADOL started a school in 2018 to teach people skills for jobs. This helps SDG 4 (good education) and SDG 8.
  • When people learn new skills, they can work better and help other businesses grow too.
  • Recycling and Saving Resources: Businesses can use less waste by recycling, which is part of SDG 12 (using things wisely). This saves moneyand makes their products more attractive to people around the world.

2. Protecting the Environment to Compete Globally- The SDGs also care about the environment, like SDG 13 (fighting climate change) and SDG 15 (protecting land). Nigeria has problems like floods and deserts growing bigger, which hurt businesses. By focusing on the environment, companies can stand out globally.

  • Using Clean Energy: Many businesses in Nigeria use diesel generators forpower, which pollute the air. Switching to solar or wind energy helps SDG13 and saves money. Nigeria plans to add lots of clean energy by 2030, so businesses can lead the way!
  • Keeping Nature Safe: Companies can make sure their products don’tharm rivers or forests, which fits SDG 14 (life in water) and SDG 15. Thismakes them look good to customers in other countries who care about the planet.
  • Following Green Rules: Nigeria’s government has rules for businesses tocheck if their projects hurt the environment. By following these,companies can attract investors from around the world.

3. Using Technology to Get Ahead- SDG 9 is all about new ideas and technology. Nigeria is growing fast in tech, like with mobile phones and online shopping. Businesses can use this to compete globally.

  • Going Digital: Nigeria’s internet and phone systems have helped businesses like online stores and Nollywood movies grow. Using tech helps businesses reach customers far away, which is part of SDG 9.
  • Connecting Everyone: Many people in Nigeria don’t have internet,especially in rural areas. Businesses can help bring the internet to more places, which helps SDG 9 and lets them sell to more people.

4. Working Together for Success- SDG 17 is about teamwork. Businesses can work with the government, other companies, and groups like the United Nations to do more.

  • Team Up with the Government: Nigeria’s government wants businesses to help with things like schools and hospitals. This is called a public private partnership and helps SDGs like 3 (good health) and 4 (education).
  • Joining Africa’s Big Market: Nigeria is part of a huge African trade group called AfCFTA, which is like a giant market worth $3.4 trillion. Businesses can sell to other African countries, which helps SDG 17.
  • Learning from the World: The United Nations helps Nigerian businesses learn how to be sustainable. By joining groups like the UN Global Compact, companies can connect with others worldwide.

5. Facing Challenges- It’s not always easy for Nigerian businesses to use the SDGs. Here are some problems they face:

  • Not Enough Money: Nigeria needs a lot of money to reach the SDGs. Businesses can help by finding new ways to get funding.
  • Power and Roads: Many places in Nigeria don’t have electricity or good roads, which makes it hard to work. Companies can use solar power or push for better roads to help SDG 7 (clean energy) and SDG 9.
  • Confusing Rules: Sometimes, the government changes rules, which confuses businesses. They need clear rules to plan better, which fits SDG16 (fair systems).

6. Steps for Businesses to Take- Here’s how Nigerian businesses can use the SDGs to grow and compete:

  • Make SDGs Part of the Plan: Focus on goals like fighting poverty orsaving the planet to make better business plans.
  • Train Workers: Teach employees new skills, like LADOL does, to help SDGs 4 and 8.
  • Use Green Ideas: Check if projects hurt the environment and use clean energy to save money.
  • Go Tech-Savvy: Use the internet and phones to sell products and reach new customers.
  • Work with Others: Team up with the government or other businesses to share ideas and money.
  • Show Your Work: Tell people how you’re helping the SDGs look good to customers and investors.

Conclusion

The SDGs are like a map for Nigerian businesses to help the country grow and shine worldwide. By fighting poverty, protecting the environment, using technology, and working together, businesses can make Nigeria stronger and compete with the best. It’s not easy, but with the right steps, Nigerian companies can lead the way to a better future!

Author: Ejiose Ikunenobe

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Technology

Search Engines Part 2: A History and Speculations about the Future

by Abdul Rotimi Mohammed
written by Abdul Rotimi Mohammed 10mins read

You can find Part 1 of this article here.

During (and before) Alta Vista’s blazing but brief reign at the top, several search engines were working their way up to takes its place. The most influential of these were Lycos, Excite and though not strictly a search engine, one cannot but mention Yahoo.

Lycos was created in May 1994 by Michael Mauldin, a researcher at Carnegie Mellon University, USA. It was the first major search engine to use links to a web page in order to determine the page’s relevance, a technique Google would later polish to perfection. It was also the first major engine to produce web page summaries in search results, as opposed to just listing links. For a short period in 1999, Lycos became the most popular online destination in the world. In May 2000, Lycos was sold to a Spanish telecom giant for $12.5 billion. This was at the height of the dot.com bubble. Four years later, after the bubble was well and truly burst, it was sold to a South Korean company for $100 million.

Excite was created by 6 Stanford students in 1994. It would be publicly launched in [month] 1995. Soon it would be locked in heated battle with Yahoo. Competition though makes for strange bedfellows. It would soon be in merger and acquisition talks with the same Yahoo and came very close to doing a deal but a broadband company called @Home soon entered the fray and offered Excite a better deal. Soon after @Home acquired excite, everything went to hell. Excite would ultimately file for bankruptcy.

The venerable Yahoo had the most ridiculous of starts. Yahoo founders Jerry yang and David Filo were PhD engineering students in their 4th year, who grew bored with their studies and were trying to avoid having to write their thesis. To distract themselves, they soon got caught up in an internet basketball fantasy league. David Filo would write a program similar to a search engine crawler to pull up data from as many basketball sites as possible. They ended up winning the league. That experience got them seriously thinking about the internet.

Soon after, Jerry Yang would begin obsessively surfing the web, noting sites he found interesting, putting them in a list. David Filo would soon write software that automating this list and before they knew it, they had built their first product; a web directory. They weren’t even close to thinking about starting a company.

All that changed when someone offered to publish their directory on a CD. They would turn the offer down and take fate into their own hands. Today, Yahoo is still very much with us, even though it has been through many tumultuous ups and downs, but sadly it is no longer the internet darling it once was.  

In 1995 Google co-founder, Larry Page was a first year PhD student at Stanford University, frantically trying to come up with a good idea for a PhD thesis. He would eventually settle on one exploring the mathematical structure of the World Wide Web. The Web is an example of what mathematicians call a graph. A graph is essentially a structure that depicts a network of any kind. It consists of nodes, which in the case of Larry Page’s project would represent web pages, and edges which in this use case, would represent hyperlinks between pages.

You can use a graph to schematically depict any kind of network, whether it is a computer network, mobile telecom network, power grid network, bank branch network, social network (hence the name Facebook Social Graph) or even a genetic network.

Specifically, he was interested in the link structure of the web. He had noticed that it was very easy to go forward from one page to another via a link on the first page pointing to the second, but virtually impossible to go back from the second to the first. This meant the owner of the second page wasn’t aware of the first page or any other page pointing to his page. He thought that would be a useful feature for the web to have backlinks, so he set out to be build a tool to remedy that. At some early point Google’s other co-founder, brilliant but unfocused, second year PhD student Sergey Brin, joined the project, where his immense mathematical talent was put to good use. They were also concerned with trying to determine the importance of a web page. To do this, they borrowed the idea of citations from academic publishing. A web page was more important, the more links pointed to it and the more those links themselves were pointed to by other links. With this, they were able to come up with a reasonably decent ranking of web pages. 

At some point, Larry and Sergey noticed that their tool (called BackRub) was behaving like a search engine, so they decided to put a user interface on backrub and they started writing search queries. The results returned were vastly superior to those returned by the leading search engines of the day like Excite and Alta Vista. By this time, the idea of a company was probably in the pipeline but they would stay on the Stanford campus till 1998. The rest as they say is history…well not quite. While the search engine was a blazing success from day one, it would take them another three years to come up with a viable business model that would turn Google into the corporate juggernaut we know today…but that is a story for another day.

Okay, so that was the history or past. It’s fair to ask “what’s the future?” Well its dangerous to speculate on the future but we do it anyway. What is clearly safe to say is that, based on present happenings, search will be significantly more AI-driven in the future. AI techniques will either complement or replace traditional search engine design techniques based on mathematical graph theory and citation analysis, thus making search understand user intent better, enabling more personalization in search results, enabling natural language understanding, thus enabling search to go beyond keyword matching etc.

One major AI advance that is likely to have much on the search industry as time goes on, is the integration of Generative AI into search engines. That is something Google as begun to experiment with. This will enable search engines generate entirely new content in response to user queries as opposed to the traditional keyword matching that merely pulls existing content. The new content cab now be presented in concise summaries that make search a delightfully more conversational event.    

Further off and more speculatively, as the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes mainstream, every kind of device or artifact that can house a microchip will possibly have search capability eventually built in, making search ubiquitous and available everywhere and not just on your PC or mobile phone. Lost your luggage while switching flights? Search Google. Lost your car keys, purse, phone, dog? Search Google.

Whatever the future of search, one thing that is for sure is that it is going to be more interesting than its history.

Bibliography

  1. Batelle, John. 2005 The Search: How Google and its Rivals Rewrote the Rules of Business and Transformed Our Culture. New York: Portfolio

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Business & Finance

Collaboration Is Overrated – What looks like dysfunction might be evolution.

by thealvingreport
written by thealvingreport 10mins read

By Jennifer D. Daniel

In the first part of this series, I argued that Nigeria’s chronic low-trust culture was choking innovation at its root. I made the case that the inability to trust our systems, institutions, or each other was preventing collaboration, slowing knowledge-sharing, and stunting the very growth we claim to desire. The response was overwhelming. People nodded, reposted, and agreed. It resonated because it’s a lived truth. Anyone who has tried to build anything here knows the tension: suspicion at every level, ideas hoarded like family secrets, and partnerships dissolving over the smallest slights.

But the more I sat with it, the more something tugged at the edges of my conviction.

What if the distrust wasn’t entirely pathological? What if it wasn’t a barrier to innovation, but a different path through it?

What if we’ve been romanticising collaboration and misreading isolation?

In Silicon Valley, collaboration is fetishized. The founder’s garage has morphed into a ping-pong table at WeWork. We see cheerful group photos on pitch decks and hear TEDx speakers rhapsodize about synergy and “thinking together.” But Nigeria is not Silicon Valley. Here, the archetype isn’t the hoodie-clad group of dreamers, it’s the lone wolf. The hustler. The visionary who builds an empire through grit, secrecy, and sheer stubbornness.

And maybe, just maybe, that’s not a failure.

It’s easy to mourn what we lack, like trust, transparency, fluid collaboration but it’s harder to see what’s been born in their absence. We often miss the brilliance hiding in our so-called dysfunction.

Look closer. Nigeria’s most fascinating innovations don’t come from open networks. They come from tight, private ecosystems. Family-run businesses with built-in loyalty systems. Covert distribution strategies that evade red tape. Tech founders who keep their cards so close to the chest that even their co-founders are sometimes in the dark.

It’s tempting to scoff at this. To say we must “grow up” and become more collaborative, more open, more like the West. But that impulse is itself colonial. It assumes that innovation can only look one way: collective, transparent, scalable through shared effort.

Yet some of the most transformative ideas in human history did not come from a committee. They came from solitude. From tension. From conflict, even. From people who didn’t ask for permission or even help. They came from obsession, from necessity, from defiance.

Nigeria breeds these kinds of innovators. People who don’t wait to be empowered. People who assume betrayal and build anyway. People who keep backup plans for their backup plans because they know the system won’t catch them when they fall.

Is that sad? Maybe. But it’s also something more: it’s adaptive intelligence.

We are living in an environment of friction; legal friction, infrastructural friction, emotional friction. And in such an environment, trust becomes expensive. Collaboration becomes dangerous. So people innovate in solitude, or in small clusters bound not by MOU but by blood and loyalty.

This is not a bug. This is a feature.

We have misread Nigeria’s innovation model by applying the wrong lens. We think because we don’t see open-source movements and hackathon alliances blooming everywhere, innovation is dead. But what if it’s simply hidden? Disguised beneath layers of survival logic?

What if all this secrecy, all this caution, is not a refusal to grow but a refusal to be used?

Our incubators preach “sharing ideas,” “failing fast,” “building in public.” But how does one build in public in a society where every success attracts spiritual envy or regulatory harassment? How does one “fail fast” when failure here means not just embarrassment but financial ruin and social ostracism?

So Nigerians hedge. They obscure. They delay announcements. They succeed in silence. This isn’t dysfunction. It’s evolution under pressure.

You cannot punish a society for adapting to its own reality. You cannot shame people into trust when trust has never served them. People don’t avoid collaboration here because they’re backward. They avoid it because they are perceptive.

It’s not that they haven’t read the startup playbook. It’s that they have lived a different story.

We need to stop treating collaboration like a moral virtue. It is not. It is a strategy. One of many. And in places like Nigeria, it is often not the optimal one.

Some of the most powerful founders I know don’t network. They build. Quietly, obsessively. They have no time for pitch competitions. They don’t announce pre-seed rounds on Twitter. But they are generating real value maybe not for the global venture ecosystem, but for their families, their communities, their children.

These people aren’t missing out on collaboration. They’ve outgrown the illusion of it.

There is, of course, a cost to all this. Solo paths are lonely. They are fragile. They can burn you out. And sometimes, they fail simply because one person cannot carry a vision alone.

But let’s be honest: collaboration has its costs too. It dilutes. It delays. It sometimes turns sharp visions into muddled compromises.

Nigeria’s challenge is not that we lack collaboration. It’s that we haven’t built systems that deserve collaboration. Until then, the lone builders will continue. And they should.

Maybe our job is not to drag them into circles and panels and programs. Maybe our job is to build structures that protect and reward their independence until they choose to collaborate on their own terms.

I don’t know how this ends. Maybe we will eventually build the kind of trust ecosystems that allow large-scale collaboration. Or maybe we will continue to innovate through islands, lighthouse ventures lighting up dark waters, distant from each other, but radiant in their solitude.

What I do know is this: the next time you see a Nigerian innovator working alone, withholding details, and moving in silence, don’t assume it’s fear or ego.

It might just be wisdom.

Bio: Jennifer writes about African innovation, technology, and economic development through tech entrepreneurship.

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